Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis: a Miracle or a Curse?

Have you ever wondered what life would be like without physical pain? Would life be more peaceful? Would we be more aggressive or would we possibly be incapable of enjoying the pleasures of life? We may think we are better off without pain but â€Å"Pain is simply our intrinsic medical adviser to warn us and stimulate us† (H. G. Wells, The Island of Dr. Moreau). Some people have been able to experience this anomaly, the ability to be incapable of experiencing any physical pain. These people are proven examples that pain is in fact necessary. Without pain one an never truly discover their body’s physical limits and may against their knowledge inflict a great deal of pain upon themselves. People with the inability to feel pain have the disease called Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis (CIPA). CIPA is categorized as a Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathic disease. Congenital Insensitivity to pain is the inability to feel uneasy sensations pertaining to an individual from birth. Anhidrosis is the inability to sweat thus causing the incapability to regulate body temperature. HSAN type IV is a genetic disorder caused by multiple DNA mutations. These mutations occur on the neuropathic tyrosine kinase receptor types one (ntrk1 gene). In normal people the NGR (neuropathic gene receptor) stimulates the growth support and the survival of the autonomic sympathetic neurons as well as nociceptive sensory neurons, which transmit pain sensations to the spinal cord and the brain. Mutations occur in portions of the gene that encode the intracellular and extracellular domain of the protein, which may affect the variability in presentation. Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathic (HSAN) type IV causes Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis. HSAN IV is the second most common type of HSAN. CIPA symptoms normally manifest at an early age, but can be difficult to diagnose. Infants with CIPA rarely cry from normal ailments, such as not crying when hungry as they cannot sense hunger and they can sleep soundly throughout the night as they cannot sense their needs that need to be met. Parents believe it to be a blessing that their child doesn’t cry until other onset symptoms occur. These symptoms include unexplained fevers, self-mutilation, and developmental delay. When teething children often chew on anything they can, but since children with CIPA don’t realise the pain of biting themselves, teething becomes dangerous. Many CIPA children begin to bite off their own tongue and fingers when teething; often ripping out their own teeth as well. Around this time, parents begin to realise that these symptoms are not normal for children. People with CIPA can’t live a normal life because of the many unfortunate ailments caused by the disease. Hyperactivity is a common characteristic of children with CIPA, as is eing unable to differentiate between temperatures. Many children die early because it is very easy for them to overheat as they cannot regulate their own body temperature. The lack of sweating causes the skin to become thick and susceptible to skin infections and cellulitis. Their bones deteriorate over a shorter period of time than normal bones. Their joints are overused usually confining patients to a wheelchair (wheelchair boun d). An infinite number of patients develop appendicitis and die because they are unable to feel the pain that this would normally cause. It is impossible to determine the number of CIPA patients, as there is quite a discrepancy in the statistics. Unfortunately, there is no cure for CIPA, and they are very few treatment options. Since it is a rare disorder there hasn’t been a lot of research done on the topic. To regulate the body temperature, some individuals with CIPA have to wear a special cooling vest designed by NASA, and must have a controlled thermostat. These individuals, like 11 year old Kayla Woodhouse, need to have a cooler filled with ice pack re-fills for her vest, and fluids to keep her hydrated. Other patients with CIPA wear goggles to protect their cornea, which would otherwise become damaged from their habit to scratch themselves. Gabby Gingras is one of the well known CIPA patients who wears goggles to prevent further damage. Gabby also had to have her teeth removed by the age of two to prevent further irreparable damage to her fingers. People with CIPA need constant supervision to avoid future injuries. Life without pain is more difficult than at first glance; it wouldn’t be as wonderful as we would assume. Upon further investigation of CIPA, although it may seem like a wonderful thing t is an extremely dangerous disorder that most often results in premature death. Until we find a cure, people who have CIPA are forced to painlessly suffer. Imagine if humans could suddenly no longer feel physical pain: Pharmaceutical companies, doctors, and manufacturing companies would cry all the way to their banks. Bibliography Axelrod, F. B. , von Simson, G. G. , Oddoux, C. (20 08, August 5). Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy IV. GeneReviews. Retrieved November 15, 2008, from, http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/bookshelf/br. fcgi? book=gene&part=hsan4. Brown, A. (2006, May 20). It’s not so easy being a superhero. The Gazette. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20060520/ai_n16434313. Lambert, K. (n. d). How CIPA Works. How Stuff Works. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from http://health. howstuffworks. com/cipa. htm/printable. Lee, B. (2008, November 17). Health Talk: Congenital insensitivity to pain. The Tartan. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from http://www. thetartan. org/2008/11/17/scitech/healthtalk. Wells, H. G. (1988). The Island of Dr. Moreau. New York: Signet Classic.

Human Rights in North Korea

DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT POLICY BRIEFING Human rights in North Korea Abstract The human rights record in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea) has been widely condemned by the international community, including by the EU and the European Parliament. The ascension of the latest ruler of the Kim dynasty, Kim Jong-un, in December 2011 has not brought tangible change. Since the country is practically closed to foreigners, the human rights situation can only be evaluated based on the testimonies of refugees and defectors.Their reports consistently reveal blatant and unrepentant violations of human rights, which aim to elicit the total submission of the country's citizens to the regime and its ideology. While the majority of North Koreans suffer from permanent hunger, those who try to leave the country face harsh punishment upon repatriation. Citizens suspected of being disloyal to the regime and their families are placed, witho ut trial, in prison camps with abhorrent conditions. North Korea is among the countries carrying out the highest numbers of executions in the world.FOR EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT INTERNAL USE ONLY DG EXPO/B/PolDep/Note/2012_265 PE 491. 441 September 2012 EN Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies This Policy Briefing was requested by the European Parliament's delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand. AUTHOR: Anete BANDONE Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union Policy Department WIB 06 M 85 rue Wiertz 60 B-1047 Brussels Feedback to anete. [email  protected] europa. eu is welcome. Editorial Assistant: Pia VANNESTE LINGUISTIC VERSION: Original: ENABOUT THE PUBLISHER: Manuscript completed on 17 September 2012.  © European Union, 2012 Printed inBelgium This Policy Briefing is available on the intranet site of the Directorate-General for External Policies, in the Regions and countries or Policy Areas section. To obtain paper copies, please send a request by e-mail to: [email  protected] europa. eu. DISCLAIMER: Any opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament.Reproduction and translation, except for commercial purposes, are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and provided the publisher is given prior notice and supplied with a copy of the publication. 2 Human rights in North Korea TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Overview Human rights violations International treaties Reactions of the international community Annexes 4 5 10 10 14 3 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies 1. Overview The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an authoritarian state that emerged after the Second World War and has been ruled by the Kim dynasty ever since.The latest national elections, held in March 2009, were neither free nor fair. North Korea's human rights record is based principally on the testimonies of refugees and defectors. North Korea’s human rights situation is difficult to assess: the access of foreigners to the country is restricted and those who do enter are under close surveillance. North Koreans are not allowed to leave the country, which means that reports are mainly based on the contributions of refugees and defectors.Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) report that North Korea commits blatant human rights violations: arbitrary and indefinite imprisonment, political prison camps, torture, public executions, suppression of workers’ rights, and prohibitions on freedoms of expression, media, movement, association and religion 1 . North Korea's human rights violations have been widely condemned, including by the United Nations General Assembly and Human Rights Council, which have adopted several resolutions.Nevertheless, the North Korean government insists that there are no human rights issues in the country, arguing that its system has bee n chosen by the people: ‘The words â€Å"human rights† sound absolutely nonsensical in the DPRK where the dignity and independent rights of the working masses are fully guaranteed legally and institutionally. ‘ 2 No tangible changes have been seen since Kim Jongun assumed power in December 2011. The ascension of Kim Jong-un after the death of his father Kim Jong-il in December 2012 has hardly changed the grim situation, although Kim Jong-un has spoken about improving people's lives.As recently as December 2011 DPRK authorities issued a statement indicating they would ‘annihilate' up to three generations of a family if a family member fled the country during the 100-day period of mourning following the death of Kim Jong-il Border controls were also intensified 3 . 1 2 US State Department Korean Central News Agency 2012 3 ICNK, Kim Jong Un Tightens Grip along Border , 16 January 2012 4 Human rights in North Korea 2. Human rights violations 2. 1. ExecutionsNort h Korea's criminal code foresees the death penalty for more than 20 crimes, including smuggling and dealing narcotics, stealing state property and counterfeiting currency. The code also allows for arbitrary decisions by the authorities, who can determine ‘the gravest cases' or ‘extremely serious cases' 4 . In 2011 North Korea executed 30 or more people, placing the country among the ranks of those carrying out the greatest number of executions in the world, according to Amnesty International 5 . 2. 2. Torture and ill-treatmentPersons who are accused and arrested are often subjected to torture to enforce obedience and obtain bribes or information, despite the fact that North Korea's criminal code prohibits torture or inhuman treatment. According to Human Rights Watch, common forms of torture include sleep deprivation, beatings with iron rods or sticks, kicking and slapping, and enforced sitting or standing for hours. A study conducted in 2010 found that 60 % of previously imprisoned refugee respondents had witnessed a death due to beating or torture 6 . . 3. Some 200 000 people live in prison camps; incarcerated with their families and without trial. Prison camps According to Amnesty International, around 200 000 prisoners (about 0. 85 % of the population) are held in six large political prison camps (gwalliso). People who are suspected of not being loyal to the regime are sent to these camps without a trial, often with three generations of their family — spouses, children and parents — and mostly without any hope of release.The prisoners may have committed ‘crimes' such as not dusting a portrait of the leader or being Christian 7 . North Korea has never recognised 4 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in The Democratic People's Republic of Korea 5 Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions 2011 6 Human Rights Watch (HRW) World Report 2012 7 The Economist, The gulag behind the goose-steps, 21 April 2012 8 The Situation of Detainees in Gulag System 5 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies that these camps exist.Conditions in the camps approach those of slavery, with starvation and no medical treatment. Prisoners, including children, are forced to work in conditions approaching slavery, e. g. , mining, logging and farming, seven days a week for twelve hours or more per day. They are frequently subjected to torture and kept on the verge of starvation. A defector has described the daily ration as approximately twenty grains of corn per prisoner. Convicts search through cow dung for undigested grain. No medical treatment is provided in the camp.Pregnant women are subjected to forced abortions or forced to give up their babies upon delivery to be murdered or abandoned. 8 . In 2011, Amnesty International said it believed North Korea's prison camps were expanding. The organisation based its findings on satellite pictures 9 ; prison camps can be seen on Google Earth. 2. 4. Food shortages North Korea has been dependent on food aid since famine in the mid1990s. In March 2011, the UN estimated that more than six million vulnerable persons in North Korea needed immediate international food aid 10 .With food shortages reaching more than one million tonnes, the World Food Programme called it the worst famine in a decade. Among the causes are floods, an extremely harsh winter; discriminatory food policies that favour the elite, and the economic mismanagement of a monetary devaluation scheme in November 2009 that wiped out many peoples’ savings. In his February 2012 report, United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur Marzuki Darusman called on the DPRK government to allocate more resources to agriculture than to its military sector 11 .At the same time, he emphasised that food ‘should never ne used as an instrument of political and economic pressure' (referring to a 1999 General Comment on the right to food by the UN Committee on E conomic, Social and Cultural Rights) 12 . Nevertheless, the U. S. suspended its plans for food aid to North Korea after the announcement of a new rocket launch in March. In June 2012, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Resident Coordinator in Pyongyang, Jerome Sauvage, reported that one in two children in North Korea is stunted due to malnourishment 13 .The year 2013 could be particularly difficult for North Koreans as the 9 Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report Exposes North Korean Gulags, June 2011 10 HRW World Report 2012 11 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 12 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 13 Reuters, U. N. optimistic on U. S. aid for North Korea, food still a problem, June 2012 6 Human rights in North Korea country may face a new famine due to losses of up to 13 % of its grain harvest this year, according to a recent report by a South Korean official 14 .Losses result from a drought that followed widespread flooding this summer and that ob liged the country to request immediate food assistance. The regime has announced that it has set a goal for 2012 — the centenary of the birth of Kim Il Sung, the first leader of the DPRK — to develop its economy, improve its people's lives and attract foreign investment 15 . In August 2012, the uncle of North Korea's leader Kim Jong-un, Jang songthaek, met China's President Hu Jintao to explore ways to revive North Korea's decimated economy and advance beyond the Marxist economic model 16 .There are also reports of plans for financial reform 17 . 2. 5. Media and internet Kim Jong-II’s death clearly demonstrated how tight the government's grip remains on the media and information: the news was broadcast on North Korean state television only two days later 18 . All sources of media, such as radio and television, are strictly controlled by the government and heavily censored. The contents of national media almost entirely consist of political propaganda and the pro motion of the leaders' personality cults. Internet use is limited to the political elite.Mobile phone access is limited to an internal network (one million users or 4 % of the inhabitants), and international calls can only be made by foreigners and the political elite 19 . Fines for making an international call can be as high as KPW 1 million (about USD 1 100), coupled with one week of detention 20 . North Korea is ranked second-to-last out of 179 countries in the World Press Freedom Index, before Eritrea 21 . 2. 6. Freedom of expression The government regularly evaluates its citizens' loyalty to the regime with the help of a large network of informants.Persons considered subversive are punished; disloyal inhabitants of Pyongyang are expulsed from the capital 22 . 14 15 Reuters, Destitute North Korea's grain harvest seen falling sharply, 4 September 2012 CIA World Fact Book 16 Reuters, China's Hu gives show of support for North Korea, 17 August 2012 17 ICNK, The Signs of Financial R eform in North Korea, 28 August 2012 18 Reporters Without Borders: North Korea 19 US State Department 20 Reporters Without Borders: North Korea 21 Reporters Without Borders: World Press Freedom Index 22 HRW World Report 2012 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies 2. 7. Freedom of assembly and association The country's 1992 constitution includes provisions for freedom of assembly and association, although this is not respected in practice. All organisations are created by the government 23 . 2. 8. Freedom of religion The DPRK is officially an atheist state. Autonomous religious activities are almost non existent, although the government sponsors some religious groups to create the illusion of religious freedom 24 .The constitution foresees freedom of religion, while specifying that ‘no one may use religion as a means by which to drag in foreign powers or to destroy the state or social order† 25 . In 2009, the South Korean Investigative Commission on Crime Against Humanity reported on the public execution of a Christian woman accused of distributing the Bible. The Bible is banned in the North 26 . 2. 9. Freedom of movement: refugees Leaving the country without state permission is a crime in North Korea.Those who leave — most often to go to China — face harsh punishment if repatriated. Moreover, as mentioned above, DPRK authorities issued a statement in December 2011 indicating that they would ‘annihilate' up to three generations of a family if a family member fled the country during the 100-day period of mourning for the death of Kim Jong-il 27 . Border controls were also intensified last year 28 . Over the years, up to 400 000 North Koreans have fled the country, and many are living in neighbouring China as illegal immigrants.They are routinely repatriated, despite China's obligation to offer protection to refugees under international law, the Refugee Convention of 1951 and the Convention's 1967 Protocol, to which China is a state party 29 . In March 2012, at least 41 North Korean refugees were forcibly repatriated by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the DPRK 30 . In June four of them were executed 31 . Up to 400 000 North Koreans have escaped. Those who are repatriated face harsh punishment. 23 US State Department 2011 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 24 25 CIA World Fact BookMinority Rights Group International: North Korea Overview 26 BBC, North Korea ‘executes Christians' , July 2009 27 European Parliament Resolution, 25 May 2012 28 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 29 HRW World Report 2012 30 UN Human Rights Council 31 ICNK, North Korea executes 4 defectors sent back from China 8 Human rights in North Korea 2. 10. Labour rights North Korea is one of the few countries that have not joined the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The ruling Korean Workers’ Party controls the only authorised trade union organisation, the Ge neral Federation of Trade Unions of Korea 32 . 2. 11. Minority rightsThere is no specific provision regarding the protection of minorities in North Korean legislation. North Korea is one of the world's most homogeneous countries in linguistic and ethnic terms: almost all 23 million inhabitants are ethnic Koreans whose ancestors have been living there for thousands of years. There is only one, very small Chinese minority of around 50 000. 33 2. 12. Rights of disabled people Although North Korea participated in the 2012 Paralympics in London, there have been reports in the past of disabled newborns being killed and of disabled people being sent to special camps and banned from the capital 34 .A 2003 law stipulates equal access for disabled persons to public services but has not been implemented. 35 2. 13. Abductions In the past, the DPRK has been involved in the abduction of foreign citizens, mainly South Korean and Japanese individuals. More than 500 persons have reportedly been kidn apped. However, no progress has been made with investigations into such abductions or the release of abductees since 2002, when two Japanese nationals were returned to Japan 36 . The DPRK had promised to reopen the investigation into the cases of suspected abductions of Japanese nationals in 2008 37 . . 14. Rule of law And independent judiciary and individual rights do not exist in North Korea, although, according to the country's constitution, courts are independent 32 33 HRW Report 2012 Minority Rights Group International: North Korea Overview 34 ICNK, Disability, the Paralympics, and Ji Seong Ho, 30 August 2012 35 US State Department 2011 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 36 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 37 US State Department 2011 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 9Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies and judicial proceedings must strictly follow the law. 3. International treaties North Korea is party to four international human rights treaties: ? ? ? ? the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). 4. Reactions of the international community 4. 1. UNIn March 2012 a UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution expressing concerns about the ‘ grave, widespread and systematic human rights abuses human rights violations' in North Korea. The resolution deplored the refusal of the government to ‘allow [the Special Rapporteur on human rights] access to the country† 38 . For the first time, North Korea’s allies in the Council (including China and Russia) did not call for a vote, but instead allowed the resolution to pass by consensus 39 . This sort of resolution has, in the past, had little impact on North Korea.When a previou s resolution on human rights condemned the situation in the North, the country's state news agency, the Korean Central News Agency, ran the following response: As already reported, the ‘resolution on human rights' against the DPRK was railroaded through the 60th UN General Assembly due to the pressure and the lobbying operation of the U. S. , Britain, Japan and other hostile forces. The â€Å"resolution† is peppered with lies and fabrications defaming the advantageous Korean-style socialist system centred on the popular masses.That was why it failed to get the approval of many member nations at the general assembly as it was a controversial one which clearly indicated the politicization of the human rights issue, selectivity and double standards 40 . In March 2012, a UN resolution about human rights in North Korea was passed by consensus. 38 39 Report of the Human Rights Council on its nineteenth session, unedited version HRW, UN Human Rights Council: North Korea Condem nation Goes Unopposed , 23 March 2012 40 Korean Central News Agency 2005 10 Human rights in North KoreaDespite the efforts of the UN the Secretary-General and the Special Rapporteur, the DPRK ‘continues to be late in reporting to the treaty bodies or uncooperative with the special procedures' 41 . There have, however, been some signs of cooperation with other UN bodies, including the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Children's Fund, the World Health Organisation and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. In October 2011, the UN's Emergency Relief Coordinator visited the DPRK to assess the humanitarian situation 42 .In July 2012, a UN mission was granted access to the country to evaluate the damage caused by the floods. 43 In 2013, Special Rapporteur Darusman, is due to report to the Human Rights Council. North Korea will prepare its next periodic review for the same time 44 . There are small signs that the country is beginning to cooperate with some UN bodies. 4. 2. ICNK The International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea (ICNK), established in September 2011, is the first international coalition that brings together human rights organisations from around the world 45 .Some 40 organisations have joined the coalition. On April 2012 the ICNK submitted a petition to the special procedures of the United Nation Human Rights Council calling for the UN to help shut down North Korea’s vast gulag system. 46 Delegates of the ICNK met Members of the European Parliament and EU officials in Brussels on 7 June 2012 to persuade them to support the establishment of a UN commission of inquiry into human rights abuses in North Korea. 4. 3. Six-party talksThe ‘six-party talks', which include China, the United States, North and South Korea, Japan and Russia, are aimed at ending North Korea's nuclear program through a negotiating process. Although human rights are not one of the topics of discussion for the talks, the Special Rapporteur believes that progress in these negotiations will assist discussions on other issues, such as the human rights situation 47 . Six-party negotiations have not taken place since December 2008. 41 42Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 43 UN to assess North Korea floods as more rain falls 44 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 45 The International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea (ICNK) 46 ICNK press relase, 3 April 2012 47 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 11 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies 4. 4. The EU and its Member States engage in regular political dialogue with North Korea, including through the UN. European Union The EU conducts regular political dialogues with the DPRK.The European Union established diplomatic relations with the DPRK in May 2001, and the majority of EU Member States have diplomatic relations with the DPRK. These contacts provide an opp ortunity to discuss human rights. The EU has also regularly raised the issue of the North Korean human rights situation in discussions at UN bodies. Since 1995, the EU has been involved in various assistance programmes and cooperation activities with the DPRK. Since then, over EUR 366 million in aid has been provided in the form of food aid, medical, water and sanitation assistance and agricultural support 48 .The EU supports, however, the Special Rapporteur's ‘call to rectify flaws in production, distribution and trading systems and to stop the misallocation of resources for military purposes' 49 . A Country Strategy Paper was adopted in March 2002, but its implementation has been suspended. There are currently no plans for a new Country Strategy Paper or for development cooperation, although this remains open for the future 50 . As part of the interactive dialogue with the Special Rapporteur, the EU has encouraged ‘the DPRK’s new eadership to use its next univer sal periodic review in 2014 as an opportunity to enhance its dialogue with the international community and to provide undisclosed information of its criminal code', including subsequent revisions and addendums 51 . The EU is also involved in a number of assistance programmes. EEAS: North Korea EEAS, HRC19 – Interactive dialogues on Syria, Iran, Burma/Myanmar, North Korea , 12 March 2012 50 EEAS: North Korea 51 EEAS, HRC19 – Interactive dialogues on Syria, Iran, Burma/Myanmar, North Korea 49 48 12 Human rights in North Korea 4. . 1 European Parliament The European Parliament has adopted several resolutions on North Korea, the latest in May 2012 concerning the forced repatriation of North Korean refugees in China 52 . In July 2010, the Parliament called on the EU ‘to appoint an EU special representative on the DPRK to ensure persistent attention and coordination' 53 . Following the death of Kim Jong-il, Parliament's former President Jerzy Buzek issued a statement c alling on the North Korean authorities ‘to make concrete and tangible steps towards improving human rights conditions'.He called ‘on the authorities to allow inspection of all types of detention facilities by independent international experts and to allow UN Special Rapporteurs to visit the country'. He also urged the country ‘to engage constructively in human rights dialogues with the EU' 54 . A public hearing organised by the Parliament's Subcommittee on Human Rights took place in May 2012 with the participation of a former prisoner, the brother of a Japanese abductee and the US Special Envoy Robert King. 52European Parliament resolution of 24 May 2012 on the situation of North Korean refugees 53 European Parliament resolution of 8 July 2010 on North Korea 54 Buzek on the death of Kim Jong-il, 19 December 2011 13 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies 5. Annexes Figure 1: Map of North Korea Source: United Nations Table 1: Data Basic informat ion on North Korea Population Capital Life expectancy 24 589 122 (July 2012 est. ) Pyongyang 66 years for men, 72 years for women (UN) 14

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Focusing on Long term care for the elderly, how have internal markets Essay

Focusing on Long term care for the elderly, how have internal markets changed the organisation and delivery of public services - Essay Example This has in turn led to emergence of new management tactics in the public sector. Public services differ from other services provided by private sector in various ways. Private organizations produce goods and services for sale with an aim of making profit and hence are not available to people who cannot afford them. On the other hand, the aim of the government is to provide the essential services to all citizens especially those who can’t afford. It does not aim at making profit by providing the services (Flynn, 2007). The public services also help the other members of society indirectly due to trickling effect of benefits from those who consume the services such as education. As opposed to private services which are acquired individually depending on affordability, public services are paid collectively through taxes and some can’t be offered in isolation. Some public services though are subject to charges such as leisure facilities, care for the elderly, and some drugs . The people accountable for ensuring the citizens get the services are the politicians who represent the needs of the electorate. The facilities used to provide the services are publicly owned although the government can rent private facilities to be able to provide the services. The government through public sector reforms has been engaging the services of private organizations in order to offer efficient services. There has also been need to provide high quality services and minimise costs therefore, the government employs the management tactics of the private sector to achieve the reforms needed (Hoggett, 1991). The organization and delivery of public services has therefore changed tremendously over time. One of the services affected by these changes is the provision of long term care for the elderly which will be discussed throughout the paper. Public Administration to New Public Management Traditionally, public administration dominated the public sector management. Organizatio n and delivery of services was controlled by the central government through public service employees. The services were funded by revenue collected from taxation, in essence citizens pay for the services indirectly but the provision of the services does not depend on how much individuals contribute as tax; services are offered equally to all. Bureaucratic controls were evident in administration and provision of services. The politicians elected by the people determine what is to be offered to the electorates through the budgetary process. They also determine the bureaux to supply the services as they are selected to lead ministries and make legislations for local authorities on services to carry out (Flynn, 2007). The organization and delivery of care services for the elderly were controlled centrally by the Department of Health through the regional health authorities. The department organized purchasing and provision of care for the elderly and the disabled (Brereton & Vasoodaven, 2010). The public enterprises followed strict procedures regulated by law. The work of the managers of these enterprises was to implement national policies. The management policies were geared towards ensuring trusted workers and development teams who in turn would promote public service values. Customer (citizens) satisfaction would

Compare & contrast 4 countries using the majority and proportional Essay

Compare & contrast 4 countries using the majority and proportional system including their advantages and disadvantages - Essay Example Next is the proportional system this involves matching the share of seats which have been won with the share of votes won with an exemption of few parties according to LeDuc, Niemi, and Norris (2010). In comparing the majority system for both United Kingdom and United States of America, for one, they both apply single-member plurality. To win a certain seat a candidate should have more votes compared to others. The main idea here is plurality of votes. In both countries as far as the system is concerned, there is particular share of the vote needed to win under single-member district. The election is usually a series of personal races no matter how many districts there are. In the proportional electoral system in both United Kingdom and United States, there is matching of the share of seats that have been won. In both countries proportional system rewards diverse preferences. Also groups of different opinions are able to combine forces to get the pluralism required for victory. In th e United Kingdom the legislature which is elected through the majority system is unicameral with the House of Lords having little power while in United States it is bicameral. In the United Kingdom, the constitution can be amended by a simple majority who are in the House of Commons while in United States of America amendments are done by majority in the legislature. In the United Kingdom there are no judicial reviews while in the USA, there is a judicial review which separates the court from the president and the congress. In UK there is concentration of power in the upper house while in the US, there is power separation with the executive being independent from the legislature. As noted by LeDuc, Niemi, and Norris (2010), majority systems are highly used in Australia and France. In both cases, the electoral system uses the majority electoral formula. In both countries the system is based on the single member districts, hereby the successful candidate is one with the majority numbe r of votes. The two countries also use the dual ballot which is a used for presidential elections. There are two main types of majority electoral system that is, runoff system and as well the alternative vote. Australia usually uses the alternative vote option. The alternative vote requires voters to rank all the candidates who were running in the election and then the one with highest average score wins. The system requires a lot of thinking on the part of the voters as they have to develop an opinion about each and every candidate. In contrast, France employs the runoff-plurality system which allows more than two candidates in the second round during the dual balloting. In proportional representation, there is an attempt to convert parties’ share of vote to almost a proportional share of the seats in the legislature. Both Australia and France use the party list system whereby political parties prepare a list of candidates well ranked with as many of the candidates as there are seats in the legislature. The advantages of the majority system One advantage of the majority system is that small parties do not get chance to win unless some constituencies have population with different views from the rest of the country. The advantage here is that those with different views are represented. Furthermore, the majority system leads to parties forming blocks until there remain two major players in the

Crisis Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Crisis Communications Plan - Essay Example The plan to do this will need to be executed in the next 7 days and will involve executive participation all levels including that of the Managing Director. 3. The significance of the situation is that pressure from the victim's family and from a well-known entity (BBC Watchdog) may generate public demand for Breathe Flow Strips to be banned from sale. This would potentially cut sales revenue by up to 50%. We present here a summary of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) with respect to this crisis situation. As a consequence, we also extend to a CASE (Confront, Avoid, Search, Exploit). Because of the nature of this crisis and its potentially devastating effects on the company as a whole, we also extend our analysis to include EPISTLE as well. Strengths: The company has a positive brand image (recent reports) for Breathe Flow Strips with the general public and is endorsed by popular sporting figures who are associated with integrity and honesty by the public. Weaknesses: The company was unaware of the problem of abuse of Breathe Flow Strips by drugs users and had not made efforts to contain or reduce the problem, other than general instructions on Breathe Flow Strips products to only use them for the purposes indicated on the packet. Lack of control of sales channels concerning clubs and club-goers. Threats: Mounting ... Weaknesses: The company was unaware of the problem of abuse of Breathe Flow Strips by drugs users and had not made efforts to contain or reduce the problem, other than general instructions on Breathe Flow Strips products to only use them for the purposes indicated on the packet. Lack of control of sales channels concerning clubs and club-goers. Opportunity: Restore and strengthen public confidence in Breathe Flow Strips by mounting an anti-drugs campaign and involving current popular endorsers in this campaign Threats: Mounting public pressure to curtail or ban the sales of Breathe Flow Strips, possibility of government intervention, growing perception by drugs-users of Breathe Flow Strips products being a desirable accessory to drugs abuse. For the CASE analysis (Confront, Avoid, Search, Exploit): Confront (Strength against Threat): The company must leverage its current public image to the full and publicly state its ban on the use of Breathe Flow Strips for any application other than medical and sporting. Involvement of endorsers in a campaign in clubs to warn against the dangers of drug abuse. Avoid (Weakness against Threat): Avoid confrontation with the public or with BBC Watchdog, even though the company has always acted with honour and integrity. Avoid discussion of lack of prior information concerning the abuse problem that might be interpreted as negligent on the part of the company. Search (Weakness compared to Opportunity): Issues Management group to repair public image and to prevent the recurrence of similar situations. Exploit (Strength compared to Opportunity): Strengthen endorsement relationship by involving popular endorsers in an

Scholarship for Young Entrepreneur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For Young Entrepreneur - Scholarship Essay Example ion called Pausa-GmbH as an internee, where I was responsible for cash and inventory management; along with these responsibilities, I also took active part in the strategic planning function of the organization. This experience further enhanced my abilities as a proficient manager and helped me developing my own business. I am a person with skills and talents, which I try polishing rather than wasting. Therefore, I keep myself busy working on different tasks and gaining experience, with the help of my multitasking ability. I joined JU Rosenheim, a political party and worked there as a recruiter. My major responsibility was to convince people to join the party and, as a result, I developed strong communication and convincing skills, which could definitely help me as an entrepreneur. In addition, I am active in physical activities and served as football coach at SpVgg-Unterhaching. Keeping in view that I am an active participant in various entrepreneurial activities, I believe, that I ideally qualify for the scholarship; however, my grim financial position will make it difficult for me to continue my educational journey. As I am an established entrepreneur, I hereby, apply for young entrepreneur scholarship. I hope that management of the institute will consider my request. I will be very grateful for this kind

Cloud computing and IT management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cloud computing and IT management - Essay Example Rapid developments in the fields of computers and communications technologies have enabled information technology to secure a commanding position in all walks of life ranging from financial transactions through entertainment to water supplies. Surprisingly, healthcare systems – a domain of high social relevance, world over can be considered as laggards in adopting information technologies (Braa et al. 1). The prime issues those are challenging healthcare IT are (Hersh, 2273): Despite these challenges, forward looking and IT savvy clinicians are trying their best to lead the adoption drive in their respective healthcare set ups, the day is not far when IT applications in healthcare will merge into mainstream healthcare delivery systems. Telemedicine (use of information technologies like internet to deliver healthcare services at a distance) is one applications of HealthIT that has the potential to not only address some of the intransigent healthcare issues but is also promising enough from a business perspective. Telemedicine enables delivery of healthcare services and medical education from one geographical location to another primarily to address challenges like uneven distribution and shortage of infrastructural and human resources. Tertiary hospitals can set up peripheral hospitals in remote and isolated areas these and these peripheral hospitals can have telemedicine linkages via internet with the tertiary level (referral) hospital primarily to extend the reach of specialized medical services to remote and isolated cases. This type of business concept has been used by a number of healthcare service providers around the globe. Slowly and steadily such services are not only bridging the digital divide but are also acting as pathways for revenue generation. 2. Brown, E.D. "Risks and issues in Cloud Computing." Eric D Brown: Technology, Strategy, People and Projects 2 Feb 2009: n. pag. Web. 4 Nov 2009.

The Indian Ocean Essay Example for Free

The Indian Ocean Essay In 2004, the world most witnessed one of the most devastating natural disasters that had occurred in the last 100 years. On December 26th of that year, an earthquake in the Indian Ocean spawned an enormous tsunami that claimed the lives of thousands in the surrounding lands. In the months following the tsunami, many wondered what steps could be taken to minimize human loss in the event of such an unavoidable natural event. As a result, scientists began to seek an improved early alert system to detect tsunamis. Almost two years after the Indian Ocean earthquake, NASA’s Earth Observatory announced the development of a new seafloor pressure recording system that is designed to detect tsunamis shortly after their development. The new system is expected to extend alert times in addition to avoiding false alarms. The project is being supervised by the German National Research Centre for Geosciences, located in Potsdam, Germany. Scientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research are directing the project. Additionally, Optimare and develogic are companies that are working on the acoustic-based portion of the system known as PACT. See more topics Road safety. The Zentrum fur Marine Umweltswissenschaft and the University of Rhode Island are also working on PACT. Though generally thought to be a single giant ocean wave, tsunamis are actually made of multiple waves. In many instances, the affected shoreline can be repeatedly hit by several large waves. Tsunamis are caused by a sudden motion in the ocean floor which can be the result of an earthquake, volcanic eruption, an underwater landslide, or the impact of a large meteorite. Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes that originate in subduction zones, or areas where an oceanic plate is being forced into the earth’s mantle. Where there is a great amount of friction between two plates, the overriding plate can become distorted and as a result a large amount of energy is stored, often over decades of centuries. After the stored seismic energy exceeds the frictional forces between the two plates, the distorted plate suddenly returns to its original position and an earthquake results. The overlying water is displaced, generating large waves that spread outward from the epicenter. The newly developed system measures vibration and horizontal seafloor movements in order to locate seaquakes, which could possibly generate tsunamis. The measurements that are taken from the seafloor are obtained and analyzed with a matter of just a few minutes. Data is collected and analyzed every 15 seconds. Water levels are also measured off the coast using bottom pressure sensors to detect any rises in sea level before the large waves reach the shallower waters along the coast. So far the system has proven to be compact, reliable, and energy efficient. At this point, an acoustic modem sends information to a second modem, which sends a satellite message, or telegram, to the warning center, delivering notification of a tsunami. After two years of development, none of the telegrams were lost, which believed to be an early indication of the system’s crucial reliability. The new system will be implemented into the pre-existing global system which is used to detect tsunami events. Further testing will be conducted in the Mediterranean. The developers will also examine the reliability of the system’s ability to transmit under different weather conditions. The development of this improved system shows great progress in the effort to provide effective warnings for tsunamis, thereby reducing the number of casualties. The potential for the success of this system has been indicated in a series of successful tests and the fact that no telegrams have been lost to date. Much still remains to be seen, however, in determining the limits of the system and discovering factors like weather conditions may contribute to reduced efficiency of the system. The article does not mention the important aspect of how those who are in the path of a tsunami will be notified that they may evacuate in time to avoid the disaster. This is of particular importance in the case of remote villages and areas where technological infrastructure may not be developed to the level of more industrialized regions. No matter how quickly the data is collected and transmitted to the warning center, it is imperative that the information regarding the approaching tsunami be delivered to those who may be affected in a timely manner. Delivering information to remote regions may be a challenge that the developers will need to address as they attempt to meet the need for early warning in the areas that lie along the Indian Ocean. Though there are still potential concerns that need to be evaluated, it is promising that an advanced system has been put in place over a relatively short period of time. Furthermore, there is now an alert system in a region where previously no such mechanism existed. This may provide greater protection and preparedness to a region that has already seen the devastation that a tsunami can do. If the system continues to be successful and is implemented into the global system, it will eventually save many lives and it may also allow scientists to learn more about the seismic activity that occurs under the ocean floor. In conclusion, NASA’s article provides an informative report on an important milestone in the development of a system that will not only help people across the earth prepare for natural disasters, but that also may lead to groundbreaking discoveries that could allow scientists to additional important discovers that can help us to better understand our planet Works Cited Earth Observatory. Tsunami-recording in the Deep Sea. 25 November 2007. NASA. 17 November 2007. http://earthobservatory. nasa. gov/ Newsroom/ MediaAlerts/ 2007/2007111925951. html.

AirTex Essay Example for Free

AirTex Essay 1) Does Airtex Need a New Control System at the time of the takeover? How is Airtex doing? A New Control System and a New Management System is in immediate need for Airtex. At the time of takeover, Airtex is in serious management issues and financial hard time that make the company close to bankruptcy. Prior to being purchased by Ted and Frand, Airtex is missing a company objective and an overall strategy that’s shared by the whole company. The management control system at Airtex has three basic issues – Lack of direction, lack of motivation, and personal limitations. Since it was all about one woman, Sarah Arthur- the accountant, who aggressively control all the information in her office, other employees have no idea about the performance and profitability of the company and each department. Employees and department managers do not know what the company expect from them, nor do they have motivations to perform well. All they knew was that airplanes would fly and that Sarah would come around at the end of each day and collect their money. Apparently, serious issues exists from the direction, and motivation perspective. Additionally, Sarah as the head of management, has no accounting training or any previous management training experience. Her management philosophy was to be the â€Å"central repository of all information†, which is the main reason leading the company to a fail. She is not capable of manage a company. Given Airtex has so many problems in management control, a new system and organization structure is needed, which will delegate proper amount of responsibility to each departments and optimize the efficiency and profitability of the company. 2) What are the key challenges for Ted in setting up the new control system? The first challenge for Ted is to educate the department managers with management skills. Most of the employees at Airtex graduated from high school and are lacking professional training. Before delegate managing responsibilities to department managers, Ted has to educate them with management skills so that they can make correct decisions on their own. Action control will not be effective unless the managers know what actions are desirable and they have the ability to ensure the desirable actions occur. The second challenge is to take over the control of the company from Sarah and delegate the responsibility to employees. Before being purchased, Airtex’s everything is under Sarah’s control. All the other employees have no idea about the performance of the company or their performance. In order to make results control effective, employees should have significant influence on the results in the desire performance. 3) Is decentralization a good choice? In my opinion, decentralization is a good choice for Airtex. First of all, the aviation industry that Airtex involved in requires specialty knowledge about the aircraft business operation. Neither Ted nor Frank has sufficient aviation expertise or operating experience. Delegating power to those experienced department managers is a wise choice as long as the appointed managers have enough management skills to implement result and/or action controls. Additional assessment and training of the department managers are required before Ted give out power, and many of the current managers (e. g. Service and parts department manager – Carl, who has retirement mentality) are to be replaced with more suitable individual. Second, a decentralized organization structure could effectively motivate Airtex employees to produce excellent work, and encourage managers to improve management performance. The previous centralized system under Sarah’s control has limit people’s capability. After each department has some autonomy to make their business decisions and get compensated on their results, people will be more willing to contribute for the team. There’s still some disadvantages of decentralization It takes two or three weeks to find out what the incoming checks are for and sometimes no one accounted for it. This create some trouble of booking the transactions.

The Violence In Movies

The Violence In Movies Do violent movies cause people to be violent? Violence is a very delicate topic and it raises the attention of producers, because they are affecting lives around the world, the movie producers see this as an opportunity to bump up their ratings by making violence more popular. Aiming to keep profits high, they target young adults through advertisements and keeping them informed with previews about what movies are coming up next. Research has shown different aspects of violence in creation by media sources, news, publishers, and even books written specifically based on the effects of violent behavior in movies affecting peoples lives. There are diverse ways in which to consider the rating for violent movies, and different laws are passed in every country regarding the age that people are able to watch a specific violent movie. At a young age children are more vulnerable to practicing what is filmed on the big screen. Arguments are seen in the public eye, as a way to stop the creation of violent movies and create or recreate stories which are suitable for the public eye to view without endangering their way of living in a normal society. This subject also answers to what is the cause for gun violence, drugs, gangs, attempted murders, and a large variety of vicious attacks in society. It is known that the mind acts as a triggering device which takes actions based on what images or information it has received. Negative information or images are processed through and give out a harmful response to the collector or to the people around him. Harmful, downbeat or depressing movies can change a characters view on things or can change their personality. It might bring back depressing moments in someones living or make them feel insecure about things in life, making them choose wrong options, doing drugs, mistreating their family, breaking laws etc. These are some examples of how people react to a violent movie, by identifying the argument based on reality. FACTS On Children and Teenagers. According to research that is dated not only in present, but also in long passed years, violent movies tend to affect mostly children and young adults. Watching violent movies does not only affect the youngsters behavior and tendencies to violence, but it also causes lower grades in classrooms. In the article Adolescents who watch violent films get poorer grades in the classroom written by Richard Gray Science Correspondent for Telegraph.co.uk, Dr. James Sargent, a pediatrician at Dartmouth Medical Center and the scientist who led an investigation concerning effects of violent movies on children, says: These are young adolescents who really should not be watching this type of adult material. Watching a lot of violent material seems to crank up their rebelliousness. Violent movies disrupt sleep and leave children not so eager for hard work and concentration in classrooms, which automatically leads to a considerable drop in grades and accumulation and assimil ation of knowledge. The same research also proved that students with excellent scholastic results dropped from 50% to 25% in grades. Other studies, though few of them, have compared various types of TV violence in United States, Japan, and Spain. Japanese television illustrates fewer physical of fatal injuries that the U.S. or Spain. Another study has shown that increasing violent expression of teenagers is directly linked to the violence on TV and movies in other countries. A child who is exposed to raging shows at ages 6 or 8 predicted aggression 2 years later among many boys and girls in the United States, Finland, Poland, and Israel. A new question rises: Why and how do children have access to headstrong programs? Who should be considered guilty for it? On Psychcentral.com, in an article entitled Movie Violence Can Overwhelm Children, by Rick Nauert PHD Senior News Editor, Keilah Worth, the leader of the study says: In Britain, no adolescent would be admitted to these movies unless they were 18. The R rating in this country is clearly not preventing our young people from seeing them . . . We know so much about the harmful effects of exposure to violent media content, but how much exposure children actually get has been largely ignored. Now, were learning more about the large numbers of kids seeing this material and who they are . . . We should re-think the current movie rating system, which has been in place for 40 years, and was designed when kids could only see movies in theaters. Ratings need to be more prominent on all movies, whether they are seen in theaters or purchased in the store, and we need clearer messages to parents. Pediatricians and child advocates should instruct parents to strictly abide by the movie-age guidelines and to closely monitor movie viewing. Is the rating system responsible for it? Is it the governments fault for not setting stricter laws? Or the parents are guilty for a not so strict supervision of their children? This question is yet to be answered. On one hand, the government is responsible for what is aired on TV and for the ratings in theaters. Movies rated-R, such as Scary Movie, which show a high number of extremely violent acts, should not be at hand for young adolescents. Although it is contraindicated for a person aged between 10 14 years to be able to attend such shows, according to Extension.iastate.edu, an average of 12.5 percent of an estimated 22 million children age 10-14 watched at least one movie that is rated-R, but has a higher level of brutality. Scary Movie was watched by an estimated 10 million children (48% of 10-14 year olds). As a fact, cartoons are 5 times more violent than most TV programs. On the other hand, the technology today is so easy to use, anyone can do it. Illegal downloads take pla ce everywhere, so it would be easy for a youngster to get anything digital. Everything is as close as the push of a button. Although punishments for piracy are severe, children are irresponsible and easily impressed by others who do it. Internet downloads fall under the jurisdiction of the parents. Strict supervision of the child when using a computer is absolutely necessary, until the child reaches a proper age for him to know what is good and what is wrong for himself. Culture, religion, and the way a child was educated in the family are also important, but in a lesser manner. Why do children do it? Why are they so desperate about watching violent movies? Some think that this is a ritual, some king of passage from a child to a teenager or from a teenager to an adult. Others believe that it is pure rebellion against parents and society, which is caused by violent movies (this explanation tends to be circular so some doubt its validity). In any case, what we know is that we must not encourage and we should prevent (if possible) children from watching high-ranked in violence movies, letting them lead a normal childhood and develop themselves as beautiful, well-rounded individuals. There are several problems that have draw questions upon themselves. For example: at what age should be children allowed to start watching violent movies, rating brutality in movies, which movie would be suitable for what age or the existence of good violence,. The term good violence appeared in 1960s, when TV channels broadcasted racist violence against African Americans. Some peop le believe that this is not violence, because it was released under the title of news. Others believe that no matter why is out there, is still violence. The topic is still argued by the two sides, and it would probably be debated a long time from now. But there has been reached a compromise concerning film ratings: YMaterial is suitable for all audiences, no violence; Y7Material is suitable for older children, may contain fantasy violence; GMaterial is suitable for general audiences, very little or no violence; PG Parental guidance is suggested, may contain some violence; 14 Parents are strongly cautioned, could contain moderate amounts of violence; MA Mature audiences only, contains material not suitable for children; In addition to this rating system, all of the television shows have sub-ratings. The sub-ratings include V for violence, S for sexual situations, L for explicit language, FV for fantasy violence, and D for suggestive dialog. These ratings help parents limit what their children watch. (suite101.com pg2) How parents can help. There are many and different ways which a parent can use to get to his child, and control, in one way or another, what the kid is watching without letting it seem like a total control, which most teens and young children hate. Some examples would be: media-free bedrooms for the children, common TV areas and family TV time, lack of free and unsupervised Internet access, suggesting a change of channel when the scenes become violent, discussions concerning the subject et cetera. A parent can also use Internet to research movies and their ratings so they will know what to let their young ones watch and what not. A different approach may be needed for different persons but the key is perseverance. As a parent, you should not give up when your daughter or your son finds new ways to watch whatever they want without you knowing. There is always a solution for these problems. On adults. Any differences based on sex or race? The effects that violent movies have on adults are not as researched as those on children and teenagers, probably because as the time passes by and a person already formed his or hers personality, it is hard to change that personality through an exposition of violent moving pictures. Recent studies have shown that the impact on adults does not differ from one person to another based on race or cultural provenience, proving equality and offering a good starting point for any race, but also removing myths that said some cultures are more violent than others. On the other hand, there is, or better said, was a difference between genres. Since women began being treated as being equal to men, aggressive behavior had increased in female society. In recent years, violent female characters appeared in movies, and it became more acceptable for a women to act freely and violent. However, compulsion will increase in both genres as long as brutal m odels are shown and promoted by the media. Even though this kind of movies affect adults too, it is hard to deny ones access to them. For example, a patient in a mental institute is suing United States because of the desire to view movies that contain violence, suicide and nudity. The patient, Larry Filliung, has strangled his girlfriend and was found not guilty by reason of insanity is requesting a change in rules, because the institute controls which movies can be viewed in groups and which not. Filliungs lawyer, Mark J. Heyrman, says that people like his client will one day be released and that sheltering him from controversial topics does not help him reintegrate into society. CRITICS AND CRITICISM Movie critics have a compared a multitude of movies to real life incidents, or better said tragic events. By drawing parallels between those two, critics have reached the conclusion that many terrorist attacks have their roots and draw their ideas from violent American movies, such as Independence Day or The Siege.

Switzerland and the European Union Essays -- switzerland, republic, ca

Officially known as the Swiss Confederation, Switzerland is a federal parliamentary republic comprised of 26 cantons, which represent four languages and a population of just over eight million . Switzerland is well known for its small landmass yet high standard of living, as well as its banking system and adherence to traditional Swiss culture. While the state is autonomous, it is a part of the Schengen Area unlike all EU members, and remains outside of the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA), as it became the sole EFTA member to reject membership by referendum in 1992 . Despite this, Switzerland maintains a staunch economic relationship with members of the EU through a series of bilateral agreements involving trade, free movement of people, agriculture and taxation among others. These provisions between countries provide an increasingly interdependent European continent characterized by trade agreements, free movement of Swiss-EU citizens and a single European market. A recent referendum against mass immigration has passed through Switzerland’s direct democracy by a majority of just 50.3% , effectively nullifying the bilateral agreements that were reached with the EU in 1999. The referendum is binding in Switzerland and requires the Swiss Federal Council to produce legislation within three years of the vote. As a result, officials within the EU have voiced their regrets regarding the outcome of the ballot, and are carefully considering re-evaluating their relations with Switzerland. The issue of Switzerland’s proposed cap on immigration is a very recent matter, and the results of the referendum will likely be a catalyst for changes in EU policies. This paper will examine steps that the European Union cou... ...immigration." Le Temps, September 2011. Ryser, Monique. Bilateral Agreements Switzerland-EU. Edited by Integration Office FDFA/FDEA. Bern, Switzerland: Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, 2009. Schwok, Renà ©. Switzerland - European Union: An Impossible Membership? Brussels: European Interuniversity Press, 2009. Taylor, Paul, and Richard Mably. "Switzerland Can't Have It Both Ways on Migration: EU's Barroso." Reuters (Brussels), February 12, 2014. Accessed March 2014. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/12/us-eurozone-summit-switzerland-idUSBREA1B0FG20140212. Telegraph staff and agencies. "France ready to 'roll out the red carpet' for British exit from EU." The Telegraph (England), January 23, 2013. Accessed March 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9820327/France-ready-to-roll-out-the-red-carpet-for-British-exit-from-EU.html.

To Make a Difference in the World :: Personal Narrative Essays

Racism - To Make a Difference Racism is a dark word; it is as black as the night, as black as the soul of those that harbor this hate. Yet, I want to talk about racism - not just in far away places, but here in the United States. Actually, I want everyone to talk about racism. Only by talking about it can we begin the process of overcoming past and present injustices. On my third day in South Africa, while walking down the street with my black female friend, several workers interrupted our conversation by calling out, "Hey, you're white and she's colored." In the United States, while walking down the street with white friends, I've had people stick their heads out of car windows to yell, "Stick with your own race." In South Africa, I spoke to white people who longed for the old days of apartheid when, for them, things were not so chaotic. In the United States, I spoke to a white man over the phone who, assuming I was white, tried to distinguish between the images that arise when black and white people talk about affirmative action by telling me to note the difference between "you and I discussing affirmative action and that black guy in California." In South Africa under apartheid, the lighter you were the better you were. Many in the U.S. and throughout the world still believe, to some extent, that lighter is better. I recently attended a black/brown conference on coalition building between the African-American and Latino communities and the question of discrimination within the Hispanic community arose. The questioners concern was how light dark discrimination would inhibit coalition building between the two communities. When I was a kid growing up in Columbia, South Carolina, I believed I would accomplish more in life if I were white. Most of the successful, stable families I knew were white. I believed whites had what they had because they were white. When achievement is seen as a purely a white domain, bad things happened to kids. As my barber told me over spring break, her teenaged niece stopped trying in school when the other kids accused her of "acting white." In South Africa, I often heard people ask, "why do I need to suffer for past injustices, I never committed?

Human Resources Management Essay -- Business Management Studies Essays

Human Resources Management RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION 1. Introduction Task 1 1. A report distinguishing between traditional personnel management and the new approach to human resource management, outlining their historical development. 2. The Human Resource department in TD Travel Group. Its role and purpose in the organization. Task 2 1. An analysis of the objectives and the process of human resource planning. 2. An evaluation of the systematic approach to recruitment for NIS Europe. 3. An investigation of the selection procedures used for NIS Europe and TD Travel Group. 3. Evaluation and Conclusion 4. Bibliography Task 1 TASK 2 AN ANALYSIS OF THE OBJECTIVES AND THE PROCESS OF HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING. Human resource planning is the task of assessing and anticipating the skill, knowledge and labour time requirements of the organisation and initiating action to fulfill those requirements. Human resource planning involves a strategy for the:  · Recruitment  · Retention  · Utilisation  · Improvement, and  · Disposal of the human resources of a business. It needs to look at the following factors: * What are the skills and abilities of the current workforce? * What skills and abilities the organisation needs in the future? * Where can the organisation find its future supply of labour? * What are the future objectives of the business likely to be? * How will the business manage and obtain its human resources to meet these objectives? In order to plan Human Resources effectively a business has to undertake considerable research. Here is a table showing the things companies have consider when planning human resources: What is happening now? ... ...by HRM to introduce new employees to the organisation, in all its social as well as work aspects. Stage nine- Review all candidates Review un–interviewed candidates and sort out those that my be kept on file for possible future use. Send standard letters to unsuccessful to applicants and holding letters to those being kept on file. NIS Europe will hold candidates on file for a maximum of one year. TD Travel group do not use this procedure, they would start their informal recruitment process again as and when required. SUMMARY OF THE SELECTION PROCESS FOR TD TRAVEL GROUP AND NIS EUROPE It is evident from the above information that NIS Europe carries out a more formal selection procedure than TD Travel Group. This is down to the fact that NIS Europe have more employees than TD Travel Group, and therefore see it necessary to have a HR department.

Modernist Poetry Doesnt Communicate With Society English Literature Essay

Modernist poets, or in that instance all modernists minds, philosophers and creative persons, ignores the societal order to some extent. They do non do any effort to speak to or pass on with the society, but really revolutionises the thought of art in the domain of the societal thoughts. In simpler words, Modernist philosophers do non follow the society, like its predecessors and it inquiries the easy accepted truth of the old age. In the late 19th century, in the aftermath of the to the full industrialized western universe with its new economic, societal and political construction, traditional projection and reading of art and civilization lost at least some of its importance. Following the old norms was nil but a return of what has already been talked of and achieved for the poets, minds and creative persons. To accomplish something new, they had to rehearse a signifier which was more individualized and yet obscure in its look. But that nevertheless do non reply the point of our treatment as to how or why the deficiency of communicativeness between the poet and the reader occurs in the 19th century western universe. With the popularity of the printing imperativeness, literature was no longer confined to the higher strata of the society. With this development in the history of printing, writers and poets found themselves traveling off from their audience. The opportunity or the impulse to interact straight with the multitudes decreased with the flow of clip until the clip when there is no effort to speak to or pass on with the society. The modernist poet ever lives in isolation from the existent universe while seeking to convey his/her individualized points of position. But for the reader, the same verse form can keep different reading at different clip and infinite. For case Emily Dickinson, the modernist American poet, published less than a twelve of her about 18 100 verse forms during her life-time. It was merely after 1886, after her decease, when her cache of verse forms were discovered by her younger sister Lavinia, that the comprehensiveness of Emily Dickinson ‘s verse form became ev ident. Emily Dickinson, merely like the other modernist poets, was alienated from the society. As a poet she could n't associate to the community, she was populating in, and the society in bend could n't associate to her verse forms, when they were published. Hence, during her life-time, the few verse forms which were published were to a great extent edited and altered harmonizing to the caprices and wants of the publishing house in order to model them in regard to the bing societal norms. Dickinson was obsessed by ‘death ‘ and has immortalised the construct of ‘death ‘ in her poesy. In one of her ignoble verse form, she seemed to hold related with ‘death ‘ and to some extent has personified the construct. â€Å" BECAUSE I could non halt for Death, He kindly stopped for me ; The passenger car held but merely ourselves And Immortality. † ( Dickinson ) The imagination that has been projected through the above mentioned Dickinson ‘s verse form is unconventional and to some extent radical. In the late 19th century America, fewer poets would ‘ve showed the bravery to oppugn the conventional beliefs sing ‘life ‘ and ‘death ‘ . Harmonizing to the above mentioned lines, ‘death ‘ to her is ‘immortal ‘ . In another verse form she states, â€Å" I DIED for beauty, but was scarce Adjusted in the grave, When 1 who died for truth was lain In an adjoining room. He questioned quietly why I failed? â€Å" For beauty, † I replied. â€Å" And I for truth, -the two are one ; We brethren are, † he said. And so, as kinsmen met a dark, We talked between the room, Until the moss had reached our lips, And covered up our names. ( Dickinson ) The imagination that is produced by the verse form is quite unconventional. Death has been beautified, glorified and celebrated by the poet in above mentioned verse form. Death has been a really of import subject for the modernist poets. Through their daring symbolism and representation of thoughts, subjects like depression, devastation, Hell and decease has ever been a really popular point of treatment among the modernist poets like Robert Frost, T.S. Elliot and of class Emily Dickinson. In T.S. Elliot ‘s â€Å" The Hollow Men † , the poet concludes the verse form by saying, â€Å" This is the manner the universe ends This is the manner the universe ends This is the manner the universe ends Not with a knock but a whine. † ( Elliot ) To the modernist poets, the abrasiveness of the existent universe was intolerable and hence from an stray infinite, the poet represents the inhuman treatment of the existent universe through his/her ain linguistic communication, non seeking to explicate everything. The reading nevertheless is left entirely on the reader and the poet does non even do an attempt to link with the readership or the society. Modernity can be said to unify all world in a self-contradictory integrity of disunity. Harmonizing to Marshall Berman, â€Å" It pours us into a whirlpool of ageless decomposition and reclamation of battle and contradiction, of ambiguity and torment. To be modern is to be a portion of a existence in which, as Marx said, ‘all that is solid thaws into air. ‘ † ( Berman ) . Modern authors have agreed to the fact that the lone unafraid thing about modernness is its insecurity. The lines of W.B. Yeats ‘ â€Å" The Second Coming † resonates a similar sense, â€Å" Thingss fall apart ; the Centre can non keep ; Mere lawlessness is loosed upon the universe, † ( Yeats ) The passing and the delicate nature of the age is possibly the most popular line of reading for the above two lines. The ideas of the Enlightenment minds, to cultivate nonsubjective scientific discipline, corporate morality and jurisprudence, were drawn to roll up with the cognition of many single free minds, to develop the miscellaneous doctrine of human release and the enrichment of the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Science and Technology promised an age devoid of scarceness and want. Rational signifiers of societal apprehension erased the bing unreasons of myth, phantasy, faith and superstitious notion. Traditional metaphoric representation of the ‘word ‘ was replaced by a more obscure imagination, which each and every reader can construe harmonizing to his/her apprehension of the ‘word ‘ . Surrealism, Dadaism and Cubism became a portion of the bigger image of Modernist art, literature and poesy. In another verse form of Emily Dickinson, she states, â€Å" Fame is a bee. It has a song- It has a sting- Ah, excessively, it has a wing. † ( Dickinson ) Here ‘fame ‘ is compared with a ‘bee ‘ , an unconventional representation merely as Charles Baudelaire compares ‘flowers ‘ with ‘evil ‘ in â€Å" Fleur du Mal † ( Flowers of Evil ) . These metaphoric representations of the ‘word ‘ was new to the age and was absent in the old enlightened western age of literature and art. A individual line which possibly can be the easiest guide line of looking at modernist poesy is expressed by Archibald MacLeish in his â€Å" Ars Poetica † , â€Å" A verse form should non intend, but be † . ( MacLeish ) . The primary difference between a Romantic text and a Modernist text is that a Modernist text imitates guesss and readings. The elans after each line of Emily Dickinson ‘s verse forms are perchance placed to supply the reader a infinite for contemplation and retrospection. A Romantic text, on the other manus, invites battle. Emily Dickinson ‘s â€Å" Fame is a bee†¦ † is a verse form that may look simple and shallow, but if one Judgess the construct of celebrity in the late 19th century, he/she is bound to look up to the simpleness of the technique in which the blunt passing nature and the frailties of celebrity is projected through the seemingly showy and musical drape of popularity. â€Å" The Second Coming † by W.B. Yeats is another fantastic work of Modernist poesy. The poet uses a dark scene to specify a clip when the universe is near a disclosure. The verse form depends on the cognition of a certain Christian belief. It is a antic look of the clip in which it was written. It provides us with a image of the First World War in Europe where, â€Å" Mere lawlessness is loosed upon the universe. † Stuning imagination of terrorizing linguistic communication, where poesy is no more depended on linguistic communication, but linguistic communication comes out of poesy. Yeats ‘ womb-to-tomb captivation of the supernatural and occult was lyrically manifested in this verse form. The significance of the ‘gyre ‘ is an equivocal one. It can be a historical period or the psychological stages of an person ‘s development. The personal imagination of the ‘gyre ‘ insinuates at the Hegelian construct of coiling history. The verse form is really in loose iambic pentameter, really much closer to the free poetry. The rhyming is haphazard. These dogmas were the trumpeters of the coming of Modernist poesy. In modernist poesy, the several poet does non care to explicate or construe their ain verse forms. It is something prohibited for them. The distance between the reader and the poet is big and there is no effort nevertheless to pass on between the two.

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by r arfied levels of glucose in the blood or hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Normally a plastered amount of glucose circu upstarts in the blood. The die sources of this glucose be absorption of ingested food in the gastrointestinal tract and formation of glucose by the liver from food substances (Kozier et. l, cc2). Clients name is Mr. Harvey, 48 shape up sure- plentiful(a) and has terzetto children and he is newly diagnosed having flake 1 Diabetes. He is a college undergrad and has experienced working in a restaurant as chief dumb constitute until now where in he whole kit and boodle for 6 hours. He is alike a small businessman and is greatly touch by the economical condition as of the present.He only earns enough for his kids since he is a single parent he earns virtually 350 dollars a day including his earnings in his small business. These circu mstanceors aforementioned greatly determine to his ability to access the necessary health look at that he should flummox. Yes, he has a commerce simply his earnings is non enough for him to be thoroughly be contri unlessevas by healthcare professionals, and also because he has three kids which are all poring over as well.As a single parent, it is his communication channel also to look later on his children and this operator all his extra time testament be devoted to them and he provide not be able to fancy to his own needs and new(prenominal) self- care practices needed for his condition. Although he deal do some modification in his nourishment hush he cannot man come on to invariable all throughout because he all the same has a lot of things to attend to, exclusively nevertheless as a college undergraduate he has some basic companionship about the condition he has which is casing 1 Diabetes.Although he has a business organization and a business of his own i t still does not erase the fact that he is a single parent of three kids, maybe he can vitiate some medicine for his condition but it will not be straight because he will tend to range other things. Prognosis of his condition would be poor because he cannot concentre on the treatments that he should be getting to quench his condition Diabetes is such(prenominal) a unsounded killer especially when complications arise. Lastly, diabetes can be fatal.Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a honey oil and potentially serious, continuing metabolic condition which is characterized predominantly by hyperglycemia and other manifestations. Diabetes can be a devastating condition with unyielding lasting hazardous consequences since due to its chronicity it affects roughly all the study organs of the automobile trunk including the eyes, the kidneys, the nerves, heart and blood vessels (Jennifer, 1998).There are ii main grammatical cases of Diabetes Mellitus to wit character 1 Diabetes Mellitus (also termed as Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or juvenile diabetes and juvenile Diabetes Mellitus) and token 2 Diabetes Mellitus (also cognize as Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus or non-insulin-dependent diabetes and adult-onset Diabetes Mellitus) (Jennifer, 1998). example 1 DM is much reciprocal as compared to sheath 2 DM in younger get along with groups and accounts for al approximately deuce-thirds of the cases of diabetes diagnosed amongst individuals less than 19 old age of age (Levitsky & Misra, 2008).Epidemiology of DM The magnitude of the botherIn the coupled States, Diabetes Mellitus is the fourth leading cause of demise and accounts to 178,000 deaths per year (Do I Have Diabetes?, 1998). Individuals with DM have been shown to have a 5-10 eld shorter lifespan as compared to their normal counterparts (Lipsky & Sharp, 2004). Moreover, DM also contributes to significant morbidity and be amongst the leading cause of blindness in adults in the 20-74 years age group. Similarly, it also remains as one of the near common causes of non-traumatic lower-limb amputation and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, fictitious character 1 A Review, 2007).It was estimated that about 7% of the U.S cosmos (20.8 million individuals) were inflicted with this condition in the year 2005. Amongst these, 14.6 million were diagnosed as having DM while the rest were undiagnosed. Moreover, an adjunctal 54 million people were shown to have pre-diabetes (defined below) (Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, oddball 1 A Review, 2007). It is fearful to measure that over the foregone decades, the incidence of DM has been increasing and it was observed that the percentage of adults in the U.S diagnosed with DM appendd by 49% (from 4.9 to 7.3%) during the period 1990-2000 (Lipsky & Sharp, 2004).Diabetes Mellitus is also important from an economic and public health perspective as well since it leads to both direct and validating apostrophizes of health care. The magnitude of the problem can be judged by the fact that in the year 2002, the per-capita healthcare cost for diabetic individuals was $13,243 as opposed to $2560 for non-diabetics (Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, characterwrite 2 A Review, 2009). emblem 1 and grapheme 2 DM A comparisonAs discussed above, at that place are two main display cases of Diabetes mellitus caseful 1 DM and oddball 2 DM which differ in etiologies and patho divisorsis. DM was classified into two major sub fictional characters viz. IDDM and NIDDM in 1979 by the National Diabetes Data Group and this compartmentalization was later endorsed by WHO (Jennifer, 1998). However, this classification had certain limitations and therefore the recent guidelines classify DM into four main groups viz. type 1 DM, type 2 DM, other specific types and gestational diabetes (Jennifer, 1998).According to the recent guidelines, the diagnosis of DM req uires two fasting plasm glucose levels of 126 mg per dL (7.0 mmol per L) or greater. Moreover, if by and by a glucose load of 75 g a patient has two two-hour postprandial blood plasma glucose (2hrPPG) readings of 200 mg per dL (11.1 mmol per L) or steeper(prenominal) or two random blood sugar levels of 200 mg per dL (11.1 mmol per L) or higher, he/she can be diagnosed as cosmos diabetic.It is preferable to use the fasting plasma glucose level, due to its better reproducibility and easier administration, however, in clinical practice, a combination of whatsoever two abnormal test results can be employed (Jennifer, 1998). In addition to full blown DM, the American Diabetes familiarity has defined another category, pre-diabetes. This is a order in which the blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes (Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, role 1 A Review, 2007). token 1 DM is a metabolic disorder resulting from the autoimmune ravag ing of the pancreatic of import cells primed(p) in the Islets of Langerhans which results in a advancing disability to secrete insulin (Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, sign 1 A Review, 2007). sheath 1 DM can present at every age the most common entry organism in childhood but one-fourth of cases are diagnosed in adults. (Levitsky & Misra, 2008). This late presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus has been termed as latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA). Studies have suggested that type 1 DM occurs in individuals who are genically predisposed to ontogenesis this disease and its onset may be triggered by certain environment agents such as viruses and toxins (Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A Review, 2007).Once the onset is triggered, there is progressive destruction of the important cells and a subsequent drop in insulin production. However, during this period the individual is asymptomatic and euglycemic (Eisenbarth & McCulloch, 2009). Overt hyperglycem ia is manifested when much than 80-90% of the beta cells have been destroyed (Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A Review, 2007). Recently, a newer subtype of type 1 DM has been identify which is characterized by a non-immune mediated destruction of pancreatic islet cells and has been termed as Type 1B DM (Eisenbarth & McCulloch, 2009).It is a well established fact that type 1 DM is genetically determined. several(prenominal) genes have been implicated to play a role in the pathophysiology of type 1 DM including polymorphisms in HLA-DQalpha, HLA-DQbeta, HLA-DR, preproinsulin, the PTPN22 gene, CTLA-4, interferon-induced helicase, IL2 receptor (CD25), a lectin-like gene (KIA0035), ERBB3e, and an undefined gene at 12q (Eisenbarth & McCulloch, 2009).In individuals with type 1 DM, genetic markers are present since birth. However, it has been elucidated that immune markers develop after the onset of the autoimmune process of beta cell destruction and metabolic derangements can be identify once a significant equilibrium of beta cells have been destroyed but before the event of symptoms (Eisenbarth & McCulloch, 2009).The immune markers which have been set for type 1 DM let in antibodies to the islet cell (IA2) and to insulin (IAA). Moreover, autoantibodies to isletglutamate decarboxylase (GAD) including anti-GAD65 have been found in patients with type 1 DM and are of incident importance in adults with this disease since these antibodies are clinically obtrusive and can be used to economic aid in the detection and diagnosis of type 1 DM in adults (Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A Review, 2007).Type 2 DM is relatively far much than common than Type 1 DM, especially amongst adults accounts for around 80-90% of all the cases of DM in mingled regions of the world (Gerich, 1998). Over the past fewer decades, epidemiologic studies have identified an alarming increase has been observed in the cases of Type 2 DM to an extent that type 2 DM is no w being regarded as an epidemic. In a study conducted in a Japanese population comprising of children of school going age, type 2 DM was found to be 7 times more common as compared to type 1 DM and a 30-fold increase in its incidence was find over the last two decades (Rosenbloom, 1999).Type 2 DM typically affects individuals aged greater than 40 years but more recently it has been observed to be occurring more frequently in younger age groups and has been found in individuals who are as young as two years of age and have a decreed family write up of this disorder. There are unlike factors which have led to an increase in the incidence of type 2 DM in younger age groups. These include increasing incidence of fleshiness and a sedentary lifestyle amongst children and an increase in the life expectancy, with more individuals surviving past the age of 65 years (Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A Review, 2007).The etiology of Type 2 DM is a multifactorial and it arises fr om a complex interplay of both genetic and environmental influences. The inheritance of this disorder does not follow the simple Mandelian patterns. Infact, this disorder has a polygenic inheritance requiring multiple gene polymorphisms (Gerich, 1998). Lipsky describes the genetic-environmental interaction which is implicated in the learning of type 2 DM as A good analogy is that although genetics loads the gun, environment pulls the trigger (Lipsky, 2004). some(prenominal) genes have been implicated in the precedent of type 2 DM. Amongst these the three most consistently identified genes include TCF7L2, KCNJ11, and PPARG (Lyssenko, 2008). However, more recently, a number of novel genes which increase an individuals susceptibility to type 2 DM have been identified including CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, the locus on chromosome 9 near(a) to CDKN2A/CDKN2B, FTO, HHEX, SLC30A8, WFS1, JAZF1, CDC123/CAMK1D, TSPAN8/LGR5, THADA, ADAMTS9, and NOTCH2 (Lyssenko, 2008).The pathogenesis of Type 2 DM is diametric from type 1 DM in that it results from both an impairment in insulin sensibility and insulin secretion as opposed to Type 1 DM which results solely from impair insulin secretion (Gerich, 2009). Individuals with type 2 DM have end-organ or peripheral safeguard to insulin and additionally a defect in the production of insulin and recent data suggests that both must co-exist for causing manifestations of type 2 DM. Several risk factors have been identified which increase a persons susceptibility to developing type 2 AM.These include a positive family history of DM, and increase in the Body view Index (BMI), impaired or high-minded Liver Function Tests (LFTs), comorbid conditions such as current smoking status and hypertension, decreased measures of insulin secretion and action, Hispanic, Native American, African American, Asiatic American, or Pacific Islander birth , a history of GDM or of delivering a baby with a birth tilt of 9 lb and Polycystic ovarian syndrome (L yssenko, 2008 and Votey & Peters, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A Review, 2007).Amongst other risk factors, obesity is one of the most consistently identified and the strongest risk factor for the development of type 2 DM. Moreover, studies have shown that intraabdominal obesity is of particular significance in causing insulin ohmic resistance (Gerich, 2009). Most of these risk factors are modifiable and current public health strategies focus on targeting these modifiable risk factors in addition to pharmacologic intervention for the statement of type 2 DM.The complications of DM are numerous and diverse and include change magnitude susceptibility to infections, microvascular complications including nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy which can lead to subsequent end-organ failure and macrovascular complications, which include stroke and coronary thrombosis artery disease (Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A Review, 2007).In conclusion, DM is a common disorder and affects a large prop ortion of the population globally. There are two main types of DM viz. type1 and type 2 and both differ in etiology and pathogenesis. DM can lead to several manifestations and complications and hence is a major public health concern. Although extensive question has been conducted in order to identify the profound etiology of both types of DM, there is a pressing need to explore the celestial sphere of prevention measures for this disorder and devise strategies to make the increasing incidence of Type 2 DM in the younger age groups.ReferencesDo I Have Diabetes? (1998, October 15). Retrieved April 20, 2009, from American Family medical student http//www.aafp.org/afp/AFPprinter/981015ap/981015b.htmlEisenbarth, G. S., & McCulloch, D. K. (2009, February 11). Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from Uptodate online http//www.uptodate.com/patients/ guinea pig/topic.do?topicKey=JYHFR94z4VP3LY&selectedTitle=4 one hundred fifty&source=search_resultGerich, deception E. (1998) The Genetic Basis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Impaired Insulin Secretion versus Impaired Insulin Sensitivity. endocrine gland Reviews 19(4) 491503Jennifer, M. (1998). Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus New Criteria. American Famil Physician .Levitsky, L. L., & Misra, M. (2008, November 18). Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from Uptodate Online http//www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=0babJ4CniXpnXAf&selectedTitle=12150&source=search_resultLipsky, M. S., & Sharp, L. K. (2004). Preventive Therapy for Diabetes Lifestyle Changes and the primary election Care Physician. American Family Physician .Lyssenko Valeria et al. (2008) clinical Risk Factors, DNA Variants, and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes. The New England Journal of medicament 359 21Rosenbloom, Arlan L. and Joe Jenny R. (1999). Emerging epidemic of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth . Diabetes Care 22345354Votey, S. R., & Peters, A. L. (2007, October 2). Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A Review. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from emedicine http//emedicine.medscape.com/ hold/766036-overviewVotey, S. R., & Peters, A. L. (2009, February 2). Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A Review. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from emedicine http//emedicine.medscape.com/ hold/766143-overview